Intervensi Pola Makan Sehat Bergaya DASH-Adaptasi Lokal untuk Pengendalian Hipertensi pada Ibu-Ibu Prolanis: Kuasi-Eksperimen Pre–Post di Metro Kibang, Maret 2025
Abstrak
Latar Belakang: Pola makan tidak sehat—khususnya asupan natrium tinggi dan rendahnya konsumsi buah–sayur—berkontribusi kuat terhadap hipertensi. Pedoman internasional (AHA 2021; ESH 2023) menekankan pola makan berbasis pangan utuh (DASH/Mediterania), pembatasan garam, serta peningkatan kalium dan serat untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. AHA JournalsLippincott Journals
Tujuan: Menilai efektivitas edukasi pola makan sehat (DASH adaptasi lokal) terhadap perubahan tekanan darah sistolik/diastolik, pengetahuan hipertensi, dan kepatuhan diet pada ibu-ibu hipertensi peserta senam Prolanis di Metro Kibang.
Metode: Desain kuasi-eksperimental one-group pretest–posttest. Sampel 30 perempuan dengan hipertensi (≥18 tahun) yang aktif dalam Prolanis. Intervensi berisi 4 sesi (masing-masing ±60 menit) selama Maret 2025, mengintegrasikan edukasi DASH adaptasi menu lokal, pembatasan garam (<5 g/hari), label gizi, perencanaan menu, dan WhatsApp reminder mingguan. Luaran primer: perubahan tekanan darah (rata-rata dari dua pengukuran valid). Luaran sekunder: pengetahuan (HK-LS versi Indonesia), kepatuhan diet (skor kepatuhan DASH singkat/DASH-Q), serta frekuensi konsumsi sumber natrium. Analisis: paired t-test / Wilcoxon; effect size Cohen’s d.
Hasil yang Diharapkan: Penurunan bermakna SBP/DBP dan peningkatan skor pengetahuan serta kepatuhan diet, konsisten dengan bukti RCT/meta-analisis mengenai DASH dan reduksi natrium. PMCSpringerLinkPubMed
Kesimpulan: Edukasi pola makan sehat bergaya DASH yang diadaptasi ke makanan lokal berpotensi meningkatkan kendali tekanan darah pada komunitas Prolanis.
Kata kunci: hipertensi; DASH; diet rendah garam; Prolanis; ibu-ibu; Indonesia
Referensi
Appel, L.J. et al., 1997. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(16), pp.1117–1124.
American Heart Association (2021) Understanding Blood Pressure Readings. Available at: https://www.heart.org (Accessed: 15 August 2025).
Cornelissen, V.A. and Smart, N.A. (2013) ‘Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis’, Journal of the American Heart Association, 2(1), pp. e004473.
Fagard, R.H. (2006) ‘Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training’, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33(9), pp. 853–856.
Herod, S.M., Dettmer, M.M. and Park, J.H. (2020) ‘Community-based group exercise programs improve blood pressure and functional fitness in older adults’, Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 28(3), pp. 374–382.
He, F.J. and MacGregor, G.A., 2020. Salt reduction to prevent hypertension and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(6), pp.632–647.
Huai, P. et al. (2013) ‘Leisure time physical activity and risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies’, Hypertension, 62(6), pp. 1021–1026.
InaSH, 2023. Panduan promotif dan preventif hipertensi. Jakarta: InaSH.
Indonesian Ministry of Health (2022) Pedoman Teknis Penanggulangan Hipertensi di Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI.
Pescatello, L.S. et al. (2015) ‘Exercise and hypertension: recent advances in exercise prescription’, Current Hypertension Reports, 17(11), p. 87.
Kim, H. et al., 2024. Effect of sodium-restricted DASH diet on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), pp.164–175.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2021. Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Hipertensi pada Dewasa. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Lichtenstein, A.H. et al., 2021. 2021 Dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health. Circulation, 144(23), e472–e487.
Putri, M.R., Widyastuti, E. and Prasetyo, D., 2021. Validasi Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale (HK-LS) versi Indonesia pada pasien hipertensi. Jurnal Biomedik, 13(3), pp.210–219.
Sacks, F.M. et al., 2001. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the DASH diet. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(1), pp.3–10.
Xun, R. et al., 2023. Effects of behavioral interventions for salt reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, p.1291308.
Warren-Findlow, J., Reeve, C.L. and Racine, E.F., 2017. Psychometric validation of a brief self-report measure of adherence to the DASH diet. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 49(7), pp.568–574.
World Health Organization, 2023. Global report on sodium intake reduction. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (2021) Hypertension. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension (Accessed: 15 August 2025).
